Elevator (Lift)
A mechanical device for transporting people or goods from one level to another. The term lift or elevator generally denotes a unit with automatic safety devices; the very earliest units were called hoists. Lifts consist of a platform(cabin) or car traveling in vertical guides in a shaft, with related hoisting and lowering mechanisms and a source of power.
Basically, they can be divided into two main groups
1. Personal Lifts: are used to carry human beings (i.e. Home lift, passenger lifts)
2. Load (or Service) Lifts: are used to carry goods (i.e. Freight lifts, dumbwaiters, hospital lifts)
The capacity and size are determined by the number of people to be carried or load in two types. Even working principles are almost similar but they show slight differences in design and construction. (i.e.personalLifts should be safer) The average velocity of an elevator is around 1 m/sec. EN 81is the European standard for the elevators.
Another classification can be made according to the working mechanism,
1.Transaction (Mechanical rope): The transaction elevator system is the most popular grace to its flexibility. The machine is composed of 2 parts: the gearbox and the electric motor. The machinery location may be at the overhead or basement of the hoistway. The evolution in the lift technology in the 90's allow the building owner to install his elevator without machine room, called MRL (Machine RoomLess). (For high-speed elevator in a high-rise building)
2.Hydraulic: An overhead machine room will not be needed. The machine room shall be at the start floor, adjacent or not to the hoistway. This installation is suitable for the old building where the structure was not planified to support the overhead machine room. A hydraulic lift is driven by an oil pump and jacks. More expensive than transaction lifts but less noisy operation. (For low and medium-rise buildings)
Transaction type lift
Components of a Lift System •Guide Rails: protects the cabin and the counterweight along the vertical direction and, it prevents any turning of cabin and counterweight. All rails are used by the parachute arrangement to hold the cabin. Generally, T-profile steel is used for guide rails.
• Counter Weight: The weight of the counterweight is equal to the cabin weight and 0.4 or 0.5 of the whole weight. To be able to carry it easily and to arrange the required amount, it is made with cast iron.
• Buffer or Bumper:In any case if an elevator cannot stop at the lowest stop and continue on its way, to soften the crash to the ground and to reduce the damage that may occur, according to the speed of the elevator, wooden, plastic, spring, or hydraulic elements known as bumpers are used.
• Speed regulator: If the downward speed exceeds the normal speed by %25, speed regulator affects the parachute brake and shuts off the electricity of the motor. It acts like “speed limit”.
• Parachute system: This system stops the elevator on guide rails with breaking, if ropes are broken or if the speed of going down is increased too much. It gets signals from a speed regulator.
• Electricity arrangement: In the Machinery room on a panel there is a circuit breaker and fuses. Many circuits are installed to start the electric motor, to loosen the automatic brakes, lighting, security, and control.
• Control System: To be able to use the elevators easily, comfortably, orderly and securely, control systems are installed. For modern elevators, “button” control is used. Button control is divided into two. Buttons outside the cabin are “external” and buttons inside the cabin is “internal” control buttons.
• Ropes or Cables: Ropes are produced from high carbon cold drew wires. Wires are wrapped up in helix way to create cordons, and cordons are wrapped up in helix way to create ropes.
• Cabin Doors: Cabin doors can be separated in three according to their operation as follows: 1.Slam-doorsÆopened and closed by hand 2.Semi-automatic doors Æclosed with the help of shock absorbers 3. Full-automatic doors Æoperate by electric motors
• Stop or Floor Doors: These should be fixed to the openings, which allows entries to the elevators. They are fire resistant.
• Ventilation: There could be proper ventilation in cabins and in the Machine room.
A mechanical device for transporting people or goods from one level to another. The term lift or elevator generally denotes a unit with automatic safety devices; the very earliest units were called hoists. Lifts consist of a platform(cabin) or car traveling in vertical guides in a shaft, with related hoisting and lowering mechanisms and a source of power.
Basically, they can be divided into two main groups
1. Personal Lifts: are used to carry human beings (i.e. Home lift, passenger lifts)
2. Load (or Service) Lifts: are used to carry goods (i.e. Freight lifts, dumbwaiters, hospital lifts)
The capacity and size are determined by the number of people to be carried or load in two types. Even working principles are almost similar but they show slight differences in design and construction. (i.e.personalLifts should be safer) The average velocity of an elevator is around 1 m/sec. EN 81is the European standard for the elevators.
Another classification can be made according to the working mechanism,
1.Transaction (Mechanical rope): The transaction elevator system is the most popular grace to its flexibility. The machine is composed of 2 parts: the gearbox and the electric motor. The machinery location may be at the overhead or basement of the hoistway. The evolution in the lift technology in the 90's allow the building owner to install his elevator without machine room, called MRL (Machine RoomLess). (For high-speed elevator in a high-rise building)
2.Hydraulic: An overhead machine room will not be needed. The machine room shall be at the start floor, adjacent or not to the hoistway. This installation is suitable for the old building where the structure was not planified to support the overhead machine room. A hydraulic lift is driven by an oil pump and jacks. More expensive than transaction lifts but less noisy operation. (For low and medium-rise buildings)
Transaction type lift
Components of a Lift System •Guide Rails: protects the cabin and the counterweight along the vertical direction and, it prevents any turning of cabin and counterweight. All rails are used by the parachute arrangement to hold the cabin. Generally, T-profile steel is used for guide rails.
• Counter Weight: The weight of the counterweight is equal to the cabin weight and 0.4 or 0.5 of the whole weight. To be able to carry it easily and to arrange the required amount, it is made with cast iron.
• Buffer or Bumper:In any case if an elevator cannot stop at the lowest stop and continue on its way, to soften the crash to the ground and to reduce the damage that may occur, according to the speed of the elevator, wooden, plastic, spring, or hydraulic elements known as bumpers are used.
• Speed regulator: If the downward speed exceeds the normal speed by %25, speed regulator affects the parachute brake and shuts off the electricity of the motor. It acts like “speed limit”.
• Parachute system: This system stops the elevator on guide rails with breaking, if ropes are broken or if the speed of going down is increased too much. It gets signals from a speed regulator.
• Electricity arrangement: In the Machinery room on a panel there is a circuit breaker and fuses. Many circuits are installed to start the electric motor, to loosen the automatic brakes, lighting, security, and control.
• Control System: To be able to use the elevators easily, comfortably, orderly and securely, control systems are installed. For modern elevators, “button” control is used. Button control is divided into two. Buttons outside the cabin are “external” and buttons inside the cabin is “internal” control buttons.
• Ropes or Cables: Ropes are produced from high carbon cold drew wires. Wires are wrapped up in helix way to create cordons, and cordons are wrapped up in helix way to create ropes.
• Cabin Doors: Cabin doors can be separated in three according to their operation as follows: 1.Slam-doorsÆopened and closed by hand 2.Semi-automatic doors Æclosed with the help of shock absorbers 3. Full-automatic doors Æoperate by electric motors
• Stop or Floor Doors: These should be fixed to the openings, which allows entries to the elevators. They are fire resistant.
• Ventilation: There could be proper ventilation in cabins and in the Machine room.
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